THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT--STAGE ONE

Water Drop Freezing:
Ejection of Charged (+) Microdroplets

  • LIFE CYCLE of A WATER DROP in THUNDERCLOUD
  • THREE STAGES of FRAGMENTATION

REFERENCE-

  • THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT:
  • Workman, E. .J. and
  • S. E. Reynolds,

Electrical phenomena occurring during the freezing of dilute aqueous solution and their possible relationship to thunderstorm electricity.

Phys. Rev., 78 254 259 ,I950.

THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT

 

FREEZING of A SUPERCOOLED WATER DROP

 

Formation of micro-droplets by the bursting of air bubbles, which were observed at the INTERFACE of ICE and WATER on the surface of the FREEZING DROP(1mm). The air bubbles were formed as a result of the decrease of solubility of air in water when the temperature of the drop increased upon freezing.

AIR has LESS SOLUBILITY in ICE than WATER

 

 

MICRO-DROPLETS (POSITIVELY CHARGED) ARE EJECTED THROUGH ICE SHELL of the FREEZING DROP by HIGH INTERIOR PRESSURE due to EXPANSION of AIR BUBBLES formed by PHASE CHANGE of WATER to ICE.

AIR has LESS SOLUBILITY in ICE than WATER.
TIME-TEMPERATURE for the FREEZING

of A SUPERCOOLED WATER DROP(1mm) with -20/C degree

  • The OUT ICE SURFACE TEMPERATURE of The FREEZING WATER DROP IS AROUND -20/C degree,
  • AGAINST the WATER INSIDE DURING FREEZING PERIOD-0/C degree. DUE TO RELEASE of LATENT HEAT from WATER TO ICE.

 
 

 

 

  
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ATMOSPHERIC
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SNOW and ICE
CLOUD SEEDING
FREEZING
of A WATER DROP
FRAGMENTATION
of A FROZEN DROP
MELTING of
A FROZEN DROP
CHARGE within
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